A few days
ago I published a new version of an article I wrote sometime ago about Esther.
The original
article I wrote in May 2024, and in the new
article I added some further insights that I came across more recently. They
are very much the same article, but the new one is bolstered by some further
insights into the Jewish extrabiblical holiday of Purim. Apparently, this
article has garnered some mixed responses. Some people are actually quite upset
by it, while others are in agreement, and others have at least said it has made
them re-think the book. So, I thought it might be a good idea to add some
further insights.
I say Purim
is extra-biblical for the simple reason that the Jewish festivals and holidays
are outlined in the Torah, or what Christians call the Pentateuch, that is
the first five books of the Bible. These books outlined the normative rituals
of the faith of Israel, the rest of the Old Testament is built up these books,
and it is all inspired. But just because a festival is mentioned in the Bible does not mean it is commanded by God.
The feast of
Purim is most certainly in the Bible, in Esther 9. We read there,
“20
And Mordecai recorded these things and sent letters to all the Jews who were in
all the provinces of King Ahasuerus, both near and far, 21 obliging them to
keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar and also the fifteenth day of the
same, year by year, 22 as the days on which the Jews got relief from their
enemies, and as the month that had been turned for them from sorrow into
gladness and from mourning into a holiday; that they should make them days of
feasting and gladness, days for sending gifts of food to one another and gifts
to the poor.
23
So the Jews accepted what they had started to do, and what Mordecai had written
to them. 24 For Haman the Agagite, the son of Hammedatha, the enemy of all the
Jews, had plotted against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast Pur (that is,
cast lots), to crush and to destroy them. 25 But when it came before the king,
he gave orders in writing that his evil plan that he had devised against the
Jews should return on his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged
on the gallows. 26 Therefore they called these days Purim, after the term Pur.
Therefore, because of all that was written in this letter, and of what they had
faced in this matter, and of what had happened to them, 27 the Jews firmly
obligated themselves and their offspring and all who joined them, that without
fail they would keep these two days according to what was written and at the
time appointed every year, 28 that these days should be remembered and kept
throughout every generation, in every clan, province, and city, and that these days
of Purim should never fall into disuse among the Jews, nor should the
commemoration of these days cease among their descendants.
29
Then Queen Esther, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew gave full
written authority, confirming this second letter about Purim. 30 Letters were
sent to all the Jews, to the 127 provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, in
words of peace and truth, 31 that these days of Purim should be observed at
their appointed seasons, as Mordecai the Jew and Queen Esther obligated them,
and as they had obligated themselves and their offspring, with regard to their
fasts and their lamenting. 32 The command of Esther confirmed these practices
of Purim, and it was recorded in writing” (Esther 9:20-32).
So, we can
see that it is undeniable that Purim is in the Bible, and it is a significant
festival in the Rabbinical Judaism. But what we see here is not a Scriptural festival,
but rather, it is Scripture giving us insight into the development of what the
Bible calls the traditions of the elders, which Jesus will challenge in Mark 7,
and Matthew 15, along with other passages. Mordecai and Esther may have
instituted this festival, and Jews may have kept. But there is no indication it
is sanctioned by the Lord, in fact, as we know God is not mentioned in the book.
More significantly for Christians the festival is never affirmed in the New
Testament, and there is good reason for that, as we saw in the previous article.
The Old
Testament law outlined the feasts that the Jews were to celebrate, in Leviticus
23. We read in Leviticus 23:1-8,
“1
The Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 “Speak to the people of Israel and say to
them, These are the appointed feasts of the Lord that you shall proclaim as
holy convocations; they are my appointed feasts.
3
“Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day is a Sabbath of solemn
rest, a holy convocation. You shall do no work. It is a Sabbath to the Lord in
all your dwelling places.
4
“These are the appointed feasts of the Lord, the holy convocations, which you
shall proclaim at the time appointed for them. 5 In the first month, on the
fourteenth day of the month at twilight, is the Lord's Passover. 6 And on the
fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the Lord;
for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread. 7 On the first day you shall
have a holy convocation; you shall not do any ordinary work. 8 But you shall
present a food offering to the Lord for seven days. On the seventh day is a
holy convocation; you shall not do any ordinary work” (Lev. 23:1-8).
This chapter
goes on to also mention the Feast of Firstfruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of
Trumpets, the Day of Atonement, and the Feast of Booths. The law outlines the
authoritative feasts for the Israelites to celebrate, and any other feasts that
are authoritative will be outlined in the law as well. Purim is not one of them,
and therefore is simply a tradition of the elders, in this instance Mordecai
and Esther. Many scholars have seen in the post-Exilic books the beginnings of
rabbinical Judaism, or the traditions of the elders, and I would argue this is
a key example.
These traditions
of the elders were important to the Pharisees, but Jesus did not affirm them.
For instance, in Mark 7 we read,
“5
And the Pharisees and the scribes asked him, “Why do your disciples not walk
according to the tradition of the elders, but eat with defiled hands?” 6 And he
said to them, “Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, “‘This
people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me; 7 in vain do
they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’ 8 You leave
the commandment of God and hold to the tradition of men.” 9 And he said to
them, “You have a fine way of rejecting the commandment of God in order to
establish your tradition!” (Mark 7:5-9).
These words
from Jesus rebuke the traditions of the elders. Purim was set up according to the word of Mordecai. There is no mention it was commanded by God. And as we saw in
our last piece, it is reasonable to read Esther as reflecting poorly on the
Jews in Persia, while still showing that in his grace God did preserve them.
I do not
think that Esther is uninspired, either. It is inspired. It was meant to be in our
Canon. But we have to remember that just because something is in the Canon that
does not mean it teaches something we must follow, it is not necessarily
normative. The Bible is brutally honest. It shows the people of God at their
best and their worst. And I think Esther is intended to show that God’s people
can actually succeed without God, but this is not necessarily biblical
faithfulness, and it can lead to a dark path. This is just as true for the
Church, it can often act with great power but in an ungodly way, as we know
from history.
Remember
according to materialistic criteria Ahab was one of the best and most successful
rulers of Israel (the northern Kingdom). The problem is with his spiritual
leadership, it set in place a line of destruction that Israel would never recover
from. He exacerbated all the evil that the other kings had done before him and
accelerated it. But he also won wars that protected the people of Israel. The
Bible is a complicated book, and we need to read its presentation of its characters
carefully. Success does not vindicate a character, because the Bible is not teaching
us that might makes right, it is teaching us that God’s word defines what is
right.
Esther and
Mordecai act in stark contrast to people like Joseph, Daniel, Daniel’s three
friends, and many others in similar circumstances. I am not the first person to
notice this, either. So for the rest of this article, I am going to post the
introduction to the Expositors Bible Commentary (ESC) section on Esther.
The book of Esther is probably the most complex book in the Bible to understand.
You can list a string of commentators who see Esther and Mordecai as exemplars
of righteous heroism. But there is an equally strong tradition which sees this book
in the light I have argued for. This ESC’s introduction on this book is
a brilliant discussion of the complexities involved in interpreting this book. However,
I don’t even agree with all its conclusions. I think Esther is as inspired
as any other book of the Bible, but this writer leaves the possibility that some
books are not as inspired as others, that is not my view.
We were meant
to have the book of Esther, I really believe that. I just think we should read
it differently to those who lionise the characters. Here is the ESC
discussion, I encourage you to meditate on these words, rather than take
offense:
“Esther
THE BOOK OF ESTHER: INTRODUCTORY
THERE is a striking contrast between the high
estimation in which the Book of Esther is now cherished among the Jews and the
slighting treatment that is often meted out to it in the Christian Church.
According to the great Maimonides, though the Prophets and the Hagiographa will
pass away when the Messiah comes, this one book will share with The Law in the
honour of being retained. It is known as "The Roll" par excellence,
and the Jews have a proverb, "The Prophets may fail, but not The
Roll." The peculiar importance attached to the book may be explained by
its use in the Feast of Purim-the festival which is supposed to commemorate the
deliverance of the Jews from the murderous designs of Haman, and their triumph
over their Gentile enemies-for it is then read through in the synagogue. On the
other hand, the grave doubts which were once felt by some of the Jews have been
retained and even strengthened in the Christian Church. Esther was omitted from
the Canon by some of the Oriental Fathers. Luther, with the daring freedom he
always manifested in pronouncing sentence on the books of the Bible, after
referring to the Second Book of Maccabees, says, "I am so hostile to this
book and that of Esther, that I wish they did not exist; they are too
Judaising, and contain many heathenish improprieties." In our own day two
classes of objections have been raised.
The first is historical. By many the Book of Esther
is regarded as a fantastic romance, by some it is even relegated to the
category of astronomical myths, and by others it is considered to be a mystical
allegory. Even the most sober criticism is troubled at its contents. There can
be no question that the Ahasuerus (Ahashverosh) of Esther is the well-known
Xerxes of history, the invader of Greece who is described in the pages of
Herodotus. But then, it is asked, what room have we for the story of Esther in the
life of that monarch? His wife was a cruel and superstitious woman, named
Amestris. We cannot identify her with Esther. because she was the daughter of
one of the Persian generals, and also because she was married to Xerxes many
years before the date of Esther’s appearance on the scene. Two of her sons
accompanied the expedition to Greece, which must have preceded the introduction
of Esther to the harem. Moreover, it was contrary to law for a Persian
sovereign to take a wife except from his own family, or from one of five noble
families. Can Amestris be identified with Vashti? If so, it is certain that she
must have been restored to favour, because Amestris held the queen’s place in
the later years of Xerxes, when the uxorious monarch came more and more under
her influence. Esther, it is clear, can only have been a secondary wife in the
eyes of the law, whatever position she may have held for a season in the court
of the king. The predecessors of Xerxes had several wives; our narrative makes
it evident that Ahasuerus followed the Oriental custom of keeping a large
harem. To Esther, at best, therefore, must be assigned the place of a favourite
member of the seraglio.
Then it is difficult to think that Esther would not
have been recognised as a Jewess by Haman, since the nationality of Mordecai,
whose relationship to her had not been hidden, was known in the city of Susa.
Moreover the appalling massacre of "their enemies" by the Jews,
carried on in cold blood, and expressly including "women and
children," has been regarded as highly improbable. Finally, the whole
story is so well knit together, its successive incidents arrange themselves so
perfectly and lead up to the conclusion with such neat precision, that it is
not easy to assign it to the normal course of events. We do not expect to meet
with this sort of thing outside the realm of fairy tales. Putting all these
facts together, we must feel that there is some force in the contention that
the book is not strictly historical.
But there is another side to the question. This book
is marvellously true to Persian manners. It is redolent of the atmosphere of
the court at Susa. Its accuracy in this respect has been traced down to the
most minute details. The character of Ahasuerus is drawn to the life; point
after point in it may be matched in the Xerxes of Herodotus. The opening
sentence of the book shows that it was written some time after the date of the
king in whose reign the story is set, because it describes him in language only
suited to a later period-"this is Ahasuerus which reigned from India unto
Ethiopia," etc. But the writer could not have been far removed from the
Persian period. The book bears evidence of having been written in the heart of
Persia, by a man who was intimately acquainted with the scenery he described.
There seems to be some reason for believing in the substantial accuracy of a
narrative that is so true to life in these respects.
The simplest way out of the dilemma is to suppose
that the story of Esther stands upon a historical basis of fact, and that it
has been worked up into its present literary form by a Jew of later days who
was living in Persia, and who was perfectly familiar with the records and
traditions of the reign of Xerxes. It is only an unwarrantable a priori theory
that can be upset by our acceptance of this conclusion. We have no right to
demand that the Bible shall not contain anything but what is strictly historical.
The Book of Job has long been accepted as a sublime poem, founded on fact
perhaps, but owing its chief value to the divinely inspired thoughts of its
author. The Book of Jonah is regarded by many cautious and devout readers as an
allegory replete with important lessons concerning a very ugly aspect of Jewish
selfishness. These two works are not the less valuable because men are coming
to understand that their places in the library of the Hebrew Canon are not
among the strict records of history. And the Book of Esther need not be
dishonoured when some room is allowed for the play of the creative imagination
of its author. In these days of the theological novel we are scarcely in a
position to object to what may be thought to partake of the character of a
romance, even if it is found in the Bible. No one asks whether our Lord’s
parable of the Prodigal Son was a true story of some Galilean family. The
Pilgrim’s Progress has its mission, though it is not to be verified by any
authentic Annals of Elstow. It is rather pleasing than otherwise to see that
the compilers of the Jewish Canon were not prevented by Providence from
including a little anticipation of that work of the imagination which has
blossomed so abundantly in the highest and best culture of our own day.
A much more serious objection is urged on religious
and moral grounds. It is indisputable that the book is not characterised by the
pure and lofty spirit that gives its stamp to most of the other contents of the
Bible. The absence of the name of God from its pages has been often commented
on. The Jews long ago recognised this fact, and they tried to discover the
sacred name in acrostic form at one or two places where the initial letters of
a group of words were found to spell it. But quite apart from all such
fantastic trifling, it has been customary to argue that, though unnamed, the
presence of God is felt throughout the story in the wonderful Providence that
protects the Jews and frustrates the designs of their arch-enemy Haman. The
difficulty, however, is wider and deeper. There is no reference to religion, it
is said, even where it is most called for, no reference to prayer in the hour
of danger, when prayer should have been the first resource of a devout soul; in
fact no indication of devoutness of thought or conduct. Mordecai fasts; we are
not told that he prays. The whole narrative is immersed in a secular
atmosphere. The religious character of apocryphal additions that were inserted
by later hands is a tacit witness to a deficiency felt by pious Jews.
These charges have been met by the hypothesis that
the author found it necessary to disguise his religious beliefs in a work that
was to come under the eyes of heathen readers. Still we cannot imagine that an
Isaiah or an Ezra would have treated this subject in the style of our author.
It must be admitted that we have a composition on a lower plane than that of
the prophetic and priestly histories of Israel. The theory that all parts of
the Bible are inspired with an equal measure of the Divine Spirit halts at this
point. But what was to prevent a composition analogous to secular literature
taking its place in the Hebrew Scriptures? Have we any evidence that the
obscure scribes who arranged the Canon were infallibly inspired to include Only
devotional works? It is plain that the Book of Esther was valued on national
rather than on religious grounds. The Feast of Purim was a social and national
occasion of rejoicing, not a solemn religious ceremony like the Passover, and
this document obtains its place of honour through its connection with the
feast. The book, then, stands to the Hebrew Psalms somewhat as Macaulay’s
ballad of the Armada stands to the hymns of Watts and the Wesleys. It is mainly
patriotic rather than religious; its purpose is to stir the soul of national
enthusiasm through the long ages of the oppression of Israel.
It is not just, however, to assert that there are no
evidences of religious faith in the story of Esther. Mordecai warns his cousin
that if she will not exert herself to defend her people, "then shall there
relief and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place." (Est_4:14)
What can this be but a reserved utterance of a devout man’s faith in that
Providence which has always followed the "favoured people"? Moreover,
Mordecai seems to perceive a Divine destiny in the exaltation of Esther when he
asks, "And who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time
as this?" (Est_4:14) The old commentators were not wrong when they
saw the hand of Providence in the whole story. If we are to allow some license
to the imagination of the author in the shaping and arrangement of the
narrative, we must assign to him also a real faith in Providence, for he
describes a wonderful interlinking of events all leading up to the deliverance
of the Jews. Long before Haman has any quarrel with Mordecai, the disgusting
degradation of a drinking bout issues in an insult offered to a favourite
queen. This shameful occurrence is the occasion of the selection of a Jewess,
whose high position at court thus acquired enables her to save her people. But
there is a secondary plot. Mordecai’s discovery of the conspirators who would
have assassinated Ahasuerus gives him a claim on the king’s generosity, and so
prepares the way, not only for his escape from the clutches of Haman, but also
for his triumph over his enemy. And this is brought about-as we should
say-"by accident." If Xerxes had not had a sleepless night just at
the right time, if the part of his state records selected for reading to him in
his wakefulness had not been just that which told the story of Mordecai’s great
service, the occasion for the turn in the tide of the fortune of the Jews would
not have arisen. But all was so fitted together as to lead step by step on to
the victorious conclusion. No Jew could have penned such a story as this
without having intended his co-religionists to recognise the unseen presence of
an over-ruling Providence throughout the whole course of events.
But the gravest charge has yet to be considered. It
is urged against the Book of Esther that the moral tone of it is unworthy of
Scripture. It is dedicated to nothing higher than the exaltation of the Jews.
Other books of the Bible reveal God as the Supreme, and the Jews as His
servants, often unworthy and unfaithful servants. This book sets the Jews in
the first place, and Providence, even if tacitly recognised, is quite
subservient to their welfare. Israel does not appear as living for the glory of
God, but all history works for the glory of Israel. In accordance with the
spirit of the story, everything that opposes the Jews is condemned, everything
that favours them is honoured. Worst of all, this practical deification of
Israel permits a tone of heartless cruelty. The doctrine of separatism is
monstrously exaggerated. The Jews are seen to be surrounded by their
"enemies." Haman, the chief of them, is not only punished as he
richly deserves to be punished, but he is made the recipient of unrestrained
scorn and rage, and his sons are impaled on their father’s huge stake. The Jews
defended themselves from threatened massacre by a legalised slaughter of their
"enemies." We cannot imagine a scene more foreign to the patience and
gentleness inculcated by our Lord. Yet we must remember that the quarrel did
not begin with the Jews, or if we must see the origin of it in the pride of a
Jew, we must recollect that his offence was slight and only the act of one man.
As far as the narrative shows, the Jews were engaged in their peaceable
occupations when they were threatened with extinction by a violent outburst of
the mad Judenhetze that has pursued this unhappy people through all the
centuries of history. In the first instance, their act of vengeance was a
measure of self-defence. If they fell upon their enemies with fierce anger, it
was after an order of extermination had driven them to bay. If they indulged in
a wholesale bloodshed, not even sparing women or children, exactly the same
doom had been hanging over their own heads, and their own wives and children
had been included in its ferocious sentence. This fact does not excuse the
savagery of the action of the Jews, but it amply accounts for their conduct.
They were wild with terror, and they defended their homes with the fury of
madmen. Their action did not go beyond the prayer of the Psalmist who wrote, in
trim metrical order, concerning the hated Babylon-
"Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy
little ones
Against the rock." (Psa_137:9)
It is more difficult to account for the responsible
part taken by Mordecai and Esther in begging permission for this awful
massacre. The last pages of the Book of Esther reek with blood. A whole empire
is converted into shambles for human slaughter. We turn with loathing from this
gigantic horror, glad to take refuge in the hope that the author has dipped his
brush in darker colours than the real events would warrant. Nevertheless such a
massacre as this is unhappily not at all beyond the known facts of history on
other occasions-not in its extent; the means by which it is here carried out
are doubtless exceptional. Xerxes himself was so heartless and so capricious
that any act of folly or wickedness could be credited of him.
After all that can be said for it, clearly this Book
of Esther cannot claim the veneration that we attach to the more choice
utterances of Old Testament literature. It never lifts us with the inspiration
of prophecy; it never commands the reverence which we feel in studying the
historical books. Yet we must not therefore assume that it has not its use. It
illustrates an important phase in the development of Jewish life and thought.
It also introduces us to characters and incidents that reveal human nature in
very various lights. To contemplate such a revelation should not be without
profit. After the Bible, what book should we regard as, on the whole, most
serviceable for our enlightenment and nurture? Since next to the knowledge of
God the knowledge of man is most important, might we not assign this second
place of honour to the works of Shakespeare rather than to any theological
treatise? And if so may we not be grateful that something after the order of a
Shakespearian revelation of man is contained even in one book of the Bible?
It may be best to treat a book of this character in a
different manner from the weighty historical work that precedes it, and,
instead of expounding its chapters seriatim, to gather up its lessons in a
series of brief character studies.”[1]
List of
References
[1]
Expositors Bible Commentary, accessed through e-Sword, a free Bible study program.
